Accessibility is crucial in web and app development. As we rely more on digital platforms for communication, shopping, healthcare, and entertainment, it’s important to make sure everyone, including people with disabilities, can easily access and use online content. Accessibility testing helps identify and fix issues, ensuring websites and apps work well for all users, regardless of their abilities. It’s not just about following rules, but about making sure all users have a positive experience. People with disabilities, such as those with vision, hearing, mobility, or cognitive challenges, should be able to navigate websites, find information, make transactions, and enjoy digital content easily. This can include features like text descriptions for images, keyboard shortcuts, video captions, and compatibility with screen readers and assistive devices. Understanding the ADA vs. Section 508 vs. WCAG guidelines helps create accessible experiences for all.
Three key accessibility standards define how digital content should be made accessible:
ADA(Americans with Disabilities Act) is a U.S. civil rights law that applies to private businesses, public places, and online services. It ensures equal access to goods, services, and information for people with disabilities.
Section 508 is specific to U.S. federal government agencies and organizations receiving federal funding. It mandates that all electronic and information technology used by these entities is accessible to individuals with disabilities.
WCAG(Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) is a globally recognized set of standards for digital accessibility. While not a law, it is frequently used as a benchmark for ADA and Section 508 compliance.
Many people find it challenging to distinguish between the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 508 because they are both U.S. laws designed to ensure accessibility for people with disabilities. However, they apply to different entities and serve distinct purposes. The ADA is a civil rights law that applies to private businesses, public places, and online services, ensuring equal access to goods, services, and information for people with disabilities. For instance, an e-commerce website must be accessible to users who rely on screen readers or other assistive technologies.
In contrast, Section 508 targets U.S. federal government agencies and organizations receiving federal funding. Its primary aim is to ensure that all electronic and information technology used by these entities, such as websites and digital documents, is accessible to individuals with disabilities. For example, a government website providing public services must be fully compatible with assistive technologies to ensure accessibility for all users.
Although these standards overlap in their objectives, they differ in their applications, enforcement, and compliance. WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) also plays a crucial role as a globally recognized set of standards that guide digital accessibility practices. This guide will delve into these standards at length, providing details of their background, main principles, legal considerations, and best practices in compliance.
ADA: The Legal Backbone of Digital Accessibility in the U.S.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal civil rights statute passed in 1990 to ban discrimination against people with disabilities. Although initially aimed at physical locations, courts have come to apply Title III of the ADA to websites, mobile applications, and online services.
Key Titles of the ADA
Title I: Employment discrimination.
Title II: Accessibility for government services and public entities.
Title III: Covers businesses and public accommodations
Legal Precedents & Enforcement
Domino’s Pizza v. Guillermo Robles (2019) – A blind user sued Domino’s because its website was inaccessible via screen readers. The court ruled in favor of accessibility.
Target (2008) – Target paid $6 million after being sued for website inaccessibility.
Beyoncé’s Website Lawsuit (2019) – The singer’s official website faced legal action due to a lack of screen reader compatibility.
Compliance Requirements
The Department of Justice (DOJ) has not specified a technical standard for ADA compliance, but courts frequently reference WCAG 2.1 AA as the benchmark.
Who Must Comply with ADA?
Private businesses offering goods/services to the public.
Example: E-commerce platforms, healthcare providers, financial services, and educational institutions.
Consequences of Non-Compliance
Lawsuits & Legal Fines – Organizations may face costly legal battles.
Reputational Damage – Public backlash and loss of consumer trust.
Forced Compliance Orders – Companies may be required to implement accessibility changes under legal scrutiny.
Section 508: Accessibility for Government Agencies
Section 508 is part of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, requiring U.S. federal agencies and organizations receiving federal funding to make their digital content accessible.
508 Refresh (2017)
The 2017 update aligned Section 508 requirements with WCAG 2.0 AA, making it easier for organizations to follow global best practices.
Who Must Comply?
Federal agencies (e.g., IRS, NASA, Department of Education).
Government contractors and federally funded institutions.
Universities and organizations receiving government grants.
Understanding WCAG: The Global Standard for Web Accessibility
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are a collection of technical standards established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as part of the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). As opposed to ADA and Section 508, WCAG is not legislation but rather a de facto standard for web accessibility that has gained universal recognition across the globe.
History of WCAG
WCAG 1.0 (1999): The first version of accessibility guidelines.
WCAG 2.0 (2008): Introduced the POUR principles (Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust).
WCAG 2.1 (2018): Added guidelines for mobile accessibility and low-vision users.
WCAG 2.2 (2023): Introduced additional criteria for cognitive and learning disabilities.
WCAG Principles: POUR Framework
WCAG is built around four core principles, ensuring that digital content is:
Perceivable – Information must be available to all users, including those using screen readers or magnification tools.
Operable – Users must be able to navigate and interact with the site using a keyboard or assistive technologies.
Understandable – Content should be readable and predictable.
Robust – Content must work well across different devices and assistive technologies.
WCAG Compliance Levels
WCAG has three levels of conformance:
Level A – Basic accessibility requirements.
Level AA – Standard compliance level (required by most laws, including ADA and Section 508).
Level AAA – The highest level, ideal for specialized accessibility needs.
Comparing ADA, Section 508 and WCAG
S. No
Feature
ADA
Section 508
WCAG
1
Type
U.S. Law
U.S. Federal Law
Guidelines
2
Applies To
U.S. Businesses & Public Services
U.S. Federal Agencies, Contractors & organizations receiving federal funding
Everyone (Global Standard)
3
Legal Requirement?
Yes
Yes
No (but widely referenced)
4
Compliance Standard
No official standard (WCAG used)
WCAG 2.0 AA
WCAG 2.1 / 2.2
5
Enforcement
DOJ, Lawsuits
Government Audits
No official enforcement
6
Non-Compliance Risks
Lawsuits, fines
Loss of contracts, compliance penalties
Poor accessibility, user complaints
7
A, AA, AAA Compliance Levels
Focuses on overall accessibility, not A, AA, AAA levels
Requires WCAG 2.0 AA compliance for federal entities
A: Basic, AA: Recommended, AAA: Optimal (often difficult to achieve)
1.Conduct an Accessibility Audit – Utilize tools such as Axe, ARC Toolkit, WAVE, or Color Contrast Analyzer.
2.Test with Assistive Technologies – Test for compatibility with NVDA, JAWS, and VoiceOver screen readers.
3. Ensure Keyboard Navigation – Users must be able to access all content without using a mouse.
4. Provide Alternative Text (Alt Text) – Include alt text for images and semantic labels for form fields.
5. Improve Color Contrast – Provide a minimum contrast ratio of 4.5:1 between text and background.
6. Use Semantic HTML – Correctly structure headers, buttons, and links so they are simple to navigate through.
7. Ensure Captioning & Transcripts – Caption videos and make transcripts available for audio content.
8. Perform Regular Testing – Accessibility never ends; periodically test and keep up to date.
9. Ensure table readability – Provide a proper table header, table caption, and summary of the complex table.
10. Ensure Heading Level – Provide a correct heading hierarchy for every page, and every page should have an H1 tag.
11. Resize & Reflow – Ensure content adapts properly when resized for Resize up to 200% without changing any resolution and Reflow up to 400% change with resolution into vertical scrolling content (320 CSS pixels) and horizontal scrolling content (256 CSS pixels) without loss of functionality or readability.
12. Text Spacing – Allow users to adjust letter spacing, line height, and paragraph spacing without breaking layout or hiding content.
13. Use of Color – Do not rely on color alone to convey meaning; provide text labels, patterns, or icons as alternatives.
Conclusion
Ensuring digital accessibility is not just about meeting legal requirements—it’s about inclusivity and equal access for all users. By adhering to accessibility standards like WCAG, ADA, and Section 508, organizations can provide a seamless digital experience for everyone, regardless of their abilities. At Codoid, our team of skilled engineers specializes in accessibility testing using a range of advanced tools and techniques. From automated audits to manual testing with assistive technologies, we ensure that your digital platforms are accessible, compliant, and user-friendly. Trust Codoid to help you achieve accessibility excellence.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the latest version of WCAG?
The latest version is WCAG 2.2, which introduces new success criteria for users with cognitive disabilities and touch-based interactions.
How does WCAG affect mobile accessibility?
WCAG 2.1 and 2.2 include guidelines for touch interactions, mobile screen readers, and small-screen adaptations to enhance accessibility for mobile users.
How do I check if my website is ADA or WCAG compliant?
Use accessibility testing tools like axe DevTools, WAVE, Lighthouse, and BrowserStack, and test with screen readers like JAWS and NVDA.
What are the ADA levels for WCAG?
WCAG 2.1 guidelines are categorized into three levels of conformance in order to meet the needs of different groups and different situations: A (lowest), AA (mid range), and AAA (highest). Conformance at higher levels indicates conformance at lower levels.
In today’s digital-first world, accessibility is no longer a nice-to-have—it’s a necessity. Accessibility testing ensures that digital platforms such as websites, applications, and eLearning tools are inclusive and usable by individuals with disabilities. By adhering to standards like WCAG 2.2, Section 508, and EN 301 549, organizations can create digital experiences that are functional for all users, regardless of their abilities. But accessibility isn’t just about compliance—it’s about ensuring that everyone, including those with visual, auditory, motor, or cognitive impairments, can fully interact with and benefit from digital content. This guide explores the tools, techniques, and best practices in accessibility testing.
What is Accessibility Testing?
Accessibility testing is a subset of usability testing that ensures digital content can be accessed by individuals with disabilities. The key goal is to ensure that content follows the POUR principles:
Perceivable: Users must be able to recognize and use content in different ways (e.g., text alternatives for images, captions for videos).
Operable: Users must be able to navigate and interact with content (e.g., keyboard accessibility, clear navigation structure).
Understandable: Content must be clear and readable (e.g., consistent structure, easy-to-understand instructions).
Robust: Content must be accessible via a wide range of assistive technologies (e.g., compatibility with screen readers and alternative input devices).
We can achieve this by using various accessibility testing tools that assist in identifying and resolving accessibility barriers. These tools help test screen reader compatibility, keyboard navigation, color contrast, and overall usability to ensure compliance with standards like WCAG 2.2, Section 508, and EN 301 549.
Accessibility testing tools fall into two main categories:
1. Assistive Technologies (AT) – These are tools used directly by individuals with disabilities to interact with digital platforms, such as screen readers and alternative input devices.
2. Accessibility Audit Tools – These tools help developers and testers identify accessibility barriers and ensure compliance with standards like WCAG 2.2, Section 508, and EN 301 549.
Assistive Technologies for Accessibility Testing
Screen readers are assistive technologies that convert on-screen content into speech or braille output. These tools enable users with visual impairments to navigate digital platforms, read documents, and operate applications.
Supports over 30 languages with advanced synthesizers.
Works with Microsoft Office, web browsers, PDFs, and email clients.
JAWS provides customizable scripting support through its JAWS Scripting Language (JSL), allowing users to enhance accessibility and streamline interactions with complex applications. This feature enables users to:
Create custom scripts to improve compatibility with applications that may not be fully accessible.
Automate repetitive tasks and optimize workflows.
Modify keystrokes and commands for a more intuitive experience.
Enhance the way JAWS interacts with dynamic or custom-built software.
Includes OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to read text from images and scanned documents.
Gesture-based navigation for touchscreen devices (iPhones/iPads).
Supports braille displays, rotor navigation, and VoiceOver gestures.
Works with Safari, Mail, iMessage, and other macOS/iOS applications.
Provides image recognition to describe objects and text in photos.
Users can adjust speech rate, voice customization, and verbosity settings.
ChromeVox
Designed for Chromebooks but can be added to Google Chrome on macOS & Windows.
Provides voice feedback and keyboard shortcuts for web navigation.
Works with Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides.
Supports ARIA attributes and HTML5 semantic elements.
TalkBack (Android’s Built-in Screen Reader)
Android’s default gesture-based screen reader.
Reads out buttons, links, notifications, and on-screen text.
Supports gesture navigation, voice commands, and braille display integration.
Screen Reader Accessibility Testing Checklist
Page Structure & Navigation
✅ Verify headings (H1-H6) follow a logical order for easy navigation.
✅ Check for a functional “Skip to Content” link.
✅ Ensure landmarks (‘nav’, ‘main’, ‘aside’) are correctly identified.
✅ Confirm page titles and section headers are announced properly.
Keyboard & Focus
✅ Test if all buttons, links, and forms are fully keyboard accessible.
✅ Verify proper focus indicators and logical tab order.
✅ Check for keyboard traps in pop-ups and modal dialogs.
✅ Ensure dropdowns, modals, and expandable sections are announced correctly.
Content & Readability
✅ Ensure images and icons have meaningful alt text.
✅ Confirm link text is descriptive (avoid “Click here”).
✅ Test ARIA-live regions for announcing dynamic content updates.
✅ Verify table headers and reading order for screen reader compatibility.
Forms & Error Handling
✅ Check that all form fields have clear labels.
✅ Ensure error messages are announced properly to users.
✅ Test real-time validation messages for accessibility.
✅ Confirm dropdown options and auto-suggestions are readable.
Multimedia & Dynamic Content
✅ Verify captions for videos and transcripts for audio content.
✅ Ensure media controls (play, pause, volume) are keyboard accessible.
✅ Test ARIA roles like role=”alert” and aria-live for dynamic updates.
Accessibility Audit Tools
These tools help developers and testers detect accessibility issues by scanning websites and applications for compliance violations.
WAVE (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool)
Developed by WebAIM, WAVE helps identify accessibility issues in web pages by providing a visual representation of detected errors, alerts, and features.
Highlights WCAG 2.1 & 2.2 violations, including missing alt text, color contrast issues, and structural errors.Provides detailed reports with suggestions for improvements to enhance web accessibility.
Offers real-time analysis without requiring code changes or external testing environments.
Includes a contrast checker to evaluate text-background color contrast for readability.
Supports ARIA validation, ensuring proper use of ARIA attributes for screen reader compatibility.
Works with private and locally hosted pages when used as a browser extension.
Axe DevTools
Detects WCAG 2.1 & 2.2 violations in web applications.
Provides detailed issue reports with remediation guidance.
Integrates into CI/CD pipelines for continuous accessibility testing.
Lighthouse
Google’s open-source accessibility auditing tool.
Checks for WCAG compliance, ARIA attributes, and semantic HTML.
Provides an accessibility score (0-100) with suggestions for improvement.
Works for both mobile and desktop testing.
macOS/iOS compatibility:
Fully functional on macOS via Chrome DevTools.
For iOS web apps: Use Lighthouse via remote debugging on Safari.
ARC Toolkit
Developer-friendly tool for in-depth accessibility testing.
Provides reports on ARIA attributes, focus order, and form structure.
ANDI (Accessible Name & Description Inspector) Tool
Identifies missing or incorrectly labeled interactive elements.
Checks for ARIA roles, form labels, and navigation issues.
Color Contrast Analyzer
Evaluates text-background contrast ratios based on WCAG standards.
Supports color blindness simulation to improve UX design choices.
Helps designers create accessible color schemes for readability.
BrowserStack Accessibility Testing
Enables cross-browser accessibility testing on real devices and virtual machines.
Supports WCAG and Section 508 compliance testing for web applications.
Integrates with automation frameworks like Selenium, Cypress, and Playwright for end-to-end accessibility testing.
Provides a Live Testing feature to manually check screen reader compatibility, keyboard navigation, and color contrast.
Works seamlessly with JAWS, NVDA, and VoiceOver for real-world accessibility validation.
Cypress + axe-core
A JavaScript-based end-to-end testing framework that can be extended for accessibility testing.
Supports integration with axe-core to automate WCAG compliance testing within CI/CD pipelines.
Provides real-time DOM snapshots to inspect and debug accessibility issues.
Offers keyboard navigation and screen reader compatibility testing using Cypress plugins.
Enables automation of ARIA role validation and interactive element testing.
Playwright + axe-core
Supports automated accessibility testing across Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit browsers.
Integrates with axe-core to detect and fix accessibility violations in web applications.
Allows headless and UI-based testing for better debugging of accessibility issues.
Enables keyboard interaction and screen reader testing to ensure operability for users with disabilities.
Provides trace viewer and accessibility tree inspection for advanced debugging.
The following table provides a comparison of key accessibility testing tools across different platforms, highlighting their license model and best use cases to help teams choose the right tool for their needs.
S. No
Tool Name
Platform
License Model
Best For
1
JAWS Inspect
Windows
Paid
Evaluating how screen readers interpret and read content
2
NVDA
Windows
Open-source
Testing screen reader compatibility for visually impaired users
3
TalkBack
Android
Free (Built-in)
Ensuring content is accessible for users relying on screen readers
4
Xcode Accessibility Inspector
macOS, iOS
Free (Built-in)
Inspecting and improving accessibility features in iOS/macOS apps
5
VoiceOver
macOS, iOS
Free (Built-in)
Evaluating VoiceOver functionality for visually impaired users
6
Rotor (VoiceOver feature)
macOS, iOS
Free (Built-in)
Checking if digital content is structured correctly for screen readers
7
axe DevTools
Cross-Platform (Web, Mobile)
Free (Basic) / Paid (Pro)
Automated accessibility audits for websites and mobile applications
8
Lighthouse
Cross-Platform (Web)
Free (Built-in with Chrome DevTools)
Evaluating website accessibility and performance metrics
9
Playwright + axe-core
Cross-Platform (Web)
Open-source
Automating accessibility checks in end-to-end web testing
10
Cypress + axe-core
Cross-Platform (Web)
Open-source
Integrating accessibility validation in web test automation
11
BrowserStack Accessibility Testing
Cross-Platform (Web)
Open-source
Integrating accessibility validation in web test automation
Conclusion
Ensuring digital accessibility is not just about compliance—it’s about inclusivity and equal access for all users. With the right tools and testing strategies, organizations can create digital experiences that cater to users with diverse abilities. From screen readers like JAWS and NVDA to automated auditing tools like axe DevTools and Lighthouse, accessibility testing plays a crucial role in making websites and applications usable for everyone.
At Codoid, we specialize in comprehensive accessibility testing solutions. Our expertise in tools like JAWS, NVDA, axe DevTools, Cypress, Playwright, and BrowserStack allows us to identify and fix accessibility barriers effectively. Whether you need automated accessibility audits, manual testing, or assistive technology validation, Codoid ensures your website meets WCAG, Section 508, and EN 301 549 compliance standards.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do automation tools help in accessibility testing?
Automation tools like axe DevTools, Cypress, Playwright, and BrowserStack scan web applications for WCAG violations, enabling early detection and quick remediation.
Why is accessibility testing important?
It ensures inclusivity, enhances user experience, and helps organizations comply with legal standards like WCAG, Section 508, and EN 301 549.
What tools are commonly used for accessibility testing?
Tools include screen readers like JAWS and NVDA, automated testing tools like Axe DevTools and Lighthouse, and color contrast analyzers.
What is the difference between manual and automated accessibility testing?
Automated testing uses tools to quickly identify common accessibility issues, while manual testing involves human evaluation to catch nuanced problems that tools might miss.
What are ARIA roles, and why are they important?
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) roles define ways to make web content more accessible, especially dynamic content and advanced user interface controls.
How does accessibility testing benefit businesses?
It broadens the audience reach, enhances user satisfaction, reduces legal risks, and demonstrates social responsibility.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming software testing by making it faster, more accurate, and capable of handling vast amounts of data. AI-driven testing tools can detect patterns and defects that human testers might overlook, improving software quality and efficiency. However, with great power comes great responsibility. Ethical concerns surrounding AI in software testing cannot be ignored. AI in software testing brings unique ethical challenges that require careful consideration. These concerns include bias in AI models, data privacy risks, lack of transparency, job displacement, and accountability issues. As AI continues to evolve, these ethical considerations will become even more critical. It is the responsibility of developers, testers, and regulatory bodies to ensure that AI-driven testing remains fair, secure, and transparent.
Real-World Examples of Ethical AI Challenges
Training Data Gaps in Facial Recognition Bias
Dr. Joy Buolamwini’s research at the MIT Media Lab uncovered significant biases in commercial facial recognition systems. Her study revealed that these systems had higher error rates in identifying darker-skinned and female faces compared to lighter-skinned and male faces. This finding underscores the ethical concern of bias in AI algorithms and has led to calls for more inclusive training data and evaluation processes.
The rise of AI-generated content, such as deepfakes and automated news articles, has led to ethical challenges related to misinformation and authenticity. For instance, AI tools have been used to create realistic but false videos and images, which can mislead the public and influence opinions. This raises concerns about the ethical use of AI in media and the importance of developing tools to detect and prevent the spread of misinformation.
In Australia, there have been instances where lawyers used AI tools like ChatGPT to generate case summaries and submissions without verifying their accuracy. This led to the citation of non-existent cases in court, causing adjournments and raising concerns about the ethical use of AI in legal practice.
Some companies have been found overstating the capabilities of their AI products to attract investors, a practice known as “AI washing.” This deceptive behavior has led to regulatory scrutiny, with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission penalizing firms in 2024 for misleading AI claims. This highlights the ethical issue of transparency in AI marketing.
Key Ethical Concerns in AI-Powered Software Testing
As we use AI more in software testing, we need to think about the ethical issues that come with it. These issues can harm the quality of testing and its fairness, safety, and clarity. In this section, we will discuss the main ethical concerns in AI testing, such as bias, privacy risks, being clear, job loss, and who is responsible. Understanding and fixing these problems is important. It helps ensure that AI tools are used in a way that benefits both the software industry and the users.
1. Bias in AI Decision-Making
Bias in AI occurs when testing algorithms learn from biased datasets or make decisions that unfairly favor or disadvantage certain groups. This can result in unfair test outcomes, inaccurate bug detection, or software that doesn’t work well for diverse users.
How to Identify It?
Analyze training data for imbalances (e.g., lack of diversity in past bug reports or test cases).
Compare AI-generated test results with manually verified cases.
Conduct bias audits with diverse teams to check if AI outputs show any skewed patterns.
How to Avoid It?
Use diverse and representative datasets during training.
Perform regular bias testing using fairness-checking tools like IBM’s AI Fairness 360.
Involve diverse teams in testing and validation to uncover hidden biases.
2. Privacy and Data Security Risks
AI testing tools often require large datasets, some of which may include sensitive user data. If not handled properly, this can lead to data breaches, compliance violations, and misuse of personal information.
How to Identify It?
Check if your AI tools collect personal, financial, or health-related data.
Audit logs to ensure only necessary data is being accessed.
Conduct penetration testing to detect vulnerabilities in AI-driven test frameworks.
How to Avoid It?
Implement data anonymization to remove personally identifiable information (PII).
Use data encryption to protect sensitive information in storage and transit.
Ensure AI-driven test cases comply with GDPR, CCPA, and other data privacy regulations.
3. Lack of Transparency
Many AI models, especially deep learning-based ones, operate as “black boxes,” meaning it’s difficult to understand why they make certain testing decisions. This can lead to mistrust and unreliable test outcomes.
How to Identify It?
Ask: Can testers and developers clearly explain how the AI generates test results?
Test AI-driven bug reports against manual results to check for consistency.
Use explainability tools like LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) to interpret AI decisions.
How to Avoid It?
Use Explainable AI (XAI) techniques that provide human-readable insights into AI decisions.
Maintain a human-in-the-loop approach where testers validate AI-generated reports.
Prefer AI tools that provide clear decision logs and justifications.
4. Accountability & Liability in AI-Driven Testing
When AI-driven tests fail or miss critical bugs, who is responsible? If an AI tool wrongly approves a flawed software release, leading to security vulnerabilities or compliance violations, the accountability must be clear.
How to Identify It?
Check whether the AI tool documents decision-making steps.
Determine who approves AI-based test results—is it an automated pipeline or a human?
Review previous AI-driven testing failures and analyze how accountability was handled.
How to Avoid It?
Define clear responsibility in testing workflows: AI suggests, but humans verify.
Require AI to provide detailed failure logs that explain errors.
Establish legal and ethical guidelines for AI-driven decision-making.
5. Job Displacement & Workforce Disruption
AI can automate many testing tasks, potentially reducing the demand for manual testers. This raises concerns about job losses, career uncertainty, and skill gaps.
How to Identify It?
Monitor which testing roles and tasks are increasingly being replaced by AI.
Track workforce changes—are manual testers being retrained or replaced?
Evaluate if AI is being over-relied upon, reducing critical human oversight.
How to Avoid It?
Focus on upskilling testers with AI-enhanced testing knowledge (e.g., AI test automation, prompt engineering).
Implement AI as an assistant, not a replacement—keep human testers for complex, creative, and ethical testing tasks.
Introduce retraining programs to help manual testers transition into AI-augmented testing roles.
Ensure fairness and reduce bias by using diverse datasets, regularly auditing AI decisions, and involving human reviewers to check for biases or unfair patterns.
Protect data privacy and security by anonymizing user data before use, encrypting test logs, and adhering to privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA.
Improve transparency and explainability by implementing Explainable AI (XAI), keeping detailed logs of test cases, and ensuring human oversight in reviewing AI-generated test reports.
Balance AI and human involvement by leveraging AI for automation, bug detection, and test execution, while retaining human testers for usability, exploratory testing, and subjective analysis.
Establish accountability and governance by defining clear responsibility for AI-driven test results, requiring human approval before releasing AI-generated results, and creating guidelines for addressing AI errors or failures.
Provide ongoing education and training for testers and developers on ethical AI use, ensuring they understand potential risks and responsibilities associated with AI-driven testing.
Encourage collaboration with legal and compliance teams to ensure AI tools used in testing align with industry standards and legal requirements.
Monitor and adapt to AI evolution by continuously updating AI models and testing practices to align with new ethical standards and technological advancements.
Conclusion
AI in software testing offers tremendous benefits but also presents significant ethical challenges. As AI-powered testing tools become more sophisticated, ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability must be a priority. By implementing best practices, maintaining human oversight, and fostering open discussions on AI ethics, QA teams can ensure that AI serves humanity responsibly. A future where AI enhances, rather than replaces, human judgment will lead to fairer, more efficient, and ethical software testing processes. At Codoid, we provide the best AI services, helping companies integrate ethical AI solutions in their software testing processes while maintaining the highest standards of fairness, security, and transparency.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is AI used in software testing?
AI is used in software testing to improve speed, accuracy, and efficiency by detecting patterns, automating repetitive tasks, and identifying defects that human testers might miss.
What are the risks of AI in handling user data during testing?
AI tools may process sensitive user data, raising risks of breaches, compliance violations, and misuse of personal information.
Will AI replace human testers?
AI is more likely to augment human testers rather than replace them. While AI automates repetitive tasks, human expertise is still needed for exploratory and usability testing.
What regulations apply to AI-powered software testing?
Regulations like GDPR, CCPA, and AI governance policies require organizations to protect data privacy, ensure fairness, and maintain accountability in AI applications.
What are the main ethical concerns of AI in software testing?
Key ethical concerns include bias in AI models, data privacy risks, lack of transparency, job displacement, and accountability in AI-driven decisions.
The VPAT (Voluntary Product Accessibility Template) is a standardized format used to create an Accessibility Conformance Report (ACR). This report lists the accessibility standards with which a product or service complies while also highlighting any potential barriers that users may encounter. The VPAT Report serves as the foundation for creating an ACR, providing a formalized methodology to assess and report on a product’s compliance with accessibility standards such as WCAG, Section 508, and EN 301 549. It is a vital tool for software engineers, product owners, and compliance specialists to examine, document, and improve accessibility through thorough accessibility testing. By effectively utilizing a VPAT, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to accessibility, fulfill their legal obligations, and enhance user experience. This handbook will assist you in creating a VPAT report through distinct steps and illustrations, ensuring the creation of a comprehensive and accurate ACR.
Why is a VPAT Report Important?
A VPAT (Voluntary Product Accessibility Template) report is important because it helps organisations assess and communicate the accessibility of their digital products, such as software, websites, and applications. Here’s why it matters:
1. Ensures Compliance with Accessibility Standards
A VPAT evaluates a product against accessibility standards like WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines), Section 508 (U.S. law), and EN 301 549 (European standard).
It helps businesses avoid legal risks related to non-compliance, such as lawsuits under the ADA(Americans with Disabilities Act).
2. Improves Digital Inclusion
A VPAT ensures that people with disabilities, including those using screen readers, keyboard navigation, or assistive technologies, can access and use digital products effectively.
This fosters a more inclusive digital experience for all users.
3. Boosts Marketability & Business Opportunities
Many government agencies and large enterprises require a VPAT before purchasing software.
Having a strong accessibility report makes a product more competitive in both public and private sector markets.
4. Identifies Accessibility Gaps
The report pinpoints areas where a product does not fully meet accessibility guidelines, helping teams prioritize improvements.
It serves as a roadmap for fixing accessibility issues and making informed development decisions.
5. Demonstrates Commitment to Accessibility
A VPAT shows that a company values corporate social responsibility (CSR) and is proactive in making its products accessible.
This can enhance brand reputation and trust among users.
Types of VPAT Report:
VPAT reports are categorized based on the accessibility standards they assess. The four main types of VPAT templates are:
1. VPAT 2.4 Section 508 (U.S. Federal Accessibility Standard)
The VPAT Section 508 report is primarily used by federal agencies, procurement officers, and government buyers to ensure that information and communication technology (ICT) products are accessible.
Who Needs This?
Companies and vendors selling software, websites, or IT services to the U.S. government.
Organisations that receive federal funding must comply with Section 508 requirements.
Developers ensure their products are accessible to government employees and the public.
Key Features:
When developing, acquiring, maintaining, or using ICT products, each federal department or agency (including the U.S. Postal Service) must follow the Revised Section 508 Standards.
Covers hardware, software, websites, electronic documents, and telecommunications products.
The WCAG VPAT is designed to ensure that ICT products and services conform to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), specifically WCAG 2.1 and WCAG 2.2. These are internationally recognized standards that define how digital content should be made accessible.
Who Needs This?
Website developers, designers, and content creators.
Software companies offering SaaS (Software as a Service) products.
Organisations that want to ensure their digital platforms meet global accessibility standards.
Key Features:
Provides universally accepted standards that organisations must follow to make websites, e-learning platforms, mobile applications, and other digital products accessible.
Covers WCAG 2.0, 2.1, and 2.2 at Levels A, AA, and AAA.
Applicable to websites, mobile applications, e-learning platforms, and online services.
3. VPAT 2.4 EN 301 549 (European Union ICT Accessibility Standard)
The EN 301 549 VPAT Standard is tailored to document compliance with EN 301 549, the European accessibility standard for ICT products and services. This VPAT is commonly used by companies that aim to sell their products or services within the European Union (EU).
Who Needs This?
Companies bidding for government contracts in the EU.
Software developers and IT service providers operating in European markets.
Businesses that need to comply with the European Accessibility Act (EAA).
Key Features:
Covers a broad range of ICT products, including software, hardware, and assistive technologies.
Ensures digital inclusivity for people with disabilities across European nations.
Based on WCAG 2.1 for web accessibility, with additional EU-specific requirements.
4. VPAT 2.4 INT (International Accessibility Standard)
This comprehensive VPAT template integrates accessibility standards, including Section 508, WCAG, and EN 301 549. It is ideal for organisations that operate across different regions and need to meet various compliance requirements.
Who Needs This?
Global companies selling software, digital content, or ICT products in multiple countries.
Organisations looking for a single accessibility report covering U.S., EU, and international regulations.
Businesses that prioritise accessibility as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy.
Key Features:
Ensures compliance with multiple accessibility laws and standards in one report.
Useful for companies that want to expand their market reach while maintaining accessibility compliance.
Reduces the need for separate VPAT reports for different regions, saving time and resources.
A Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT) is structured into key sections that provide a detailed assessment of an ICT product’s accessibility. Each section helps vendors, compliance officers, and procurement teams evaluate how well a product aligns with accessibility standards. Here’s a breakdown of the main sections of a VPAT report:
1. Executive Summary
This section provides a high-level overview of the product or service being evaluated. It includes:
A brief description of the product
The purpose of the VPAT report
The accessibility standards covered (e.g., WCAG 2.1, Section 508, EN 301 549).
The organisation’s approach to accessibility.
Why It Matters:
The Executive Summary helps procurement officers and decision-makers quickly understand whether a product meets accessibility requirements.
2. Scope of the Report
This section defines the boundaries of the accessibility evaluation, including:
What specific product, service, or version is being assessed?
Which components (e.g., software interface, web application, mobile app) are covered?
Any limitations or exclusions.
Why It Matters:
Clarifying the scope ensures transparency about what aspects of the product have been evaluated and helps stakeholders understand any accessibility gaps.
3. Conformance Standards & Guidelines
This section outlines the accessibility standards against which the product is evaluated. It typically includes:
Section 508 (U.S. Government Standard)
WCAG 2.1 or WCAG 2.2 (Global Web Accessibility Standard)
EN 301 549 (European Accessibility Standard)
European Standards Breakdown (EN 301 549)
9 (Web) – Focuses on web accessibility, ensuring that websites and web applications are usable by individuals with disabilities.
11 (Software) – Ensures software applications support assistive technologies and include built-in accessibility features.
12 (Documentation and Support Services) – Requires that documentation and customer support services be accessible, providing alternative formats and necessary support.
Section 508 Standards Breakdown
501 (Web and Software) – Ensures web content and software applications are accessible, including compatibility with assistive technologies like screen readers and keyboard navigation.
504 (Authoring Tools) – Requires that tools used to create web content or software be accessible and support users in creating accessible content, including features for individuals with disabilities (e.g., keyboard shortcuts and screen reader support).
602 (Support Documentation) – Mandates that user manuals, help guides, and online support are accessible, offering alternative formats such as audio, braille, or screen-readable PDFs.
Why It Matters:
Listing the conformance standards ensures organisations comply with local and international accessibility laws, depending on where they operate.
4. Detailed Accessibility Conformance Report
This is the core section of the VPAT and includes a table that evaluates the product’s compliance with each accessibility criterion. The table generally contains:
S. No
Criteria
Conformance Level
Remarks & Explanations
1
Keyboard Navigation (WCAG 2.1.1)
Supports
Fully navigable using a keyboard.
2
Contrast Ratio (WCAG 1.4.3)
Partially Supports
Some UI elements may not meet the 4.5:1 ratio
3
Screen Reader Compatibility
Does Not Support
Some text labels are missing for assistive technologies.
Conformance Levels:
Supports – The feature is fully accessible.
Partially Supports – Some elements are accessible, but improvements are needed.
Does Not Support – The feature is not accessible.
Not Applicable (N/A) – The criterion does not apply to the product.
Why It Matters:
This section provides detailed insights into where the product meets or falls short of accessibility requirements, guiding developers on areas for improvement.
5. Remarks & Explanations
This section expands on the evaluation table by offering additional context or justifications for conformance ratings. It may include:
Descriptions of workarounds for inaccessible features.
Planned future accessibility improvements.
Links to additional support documentation or accessibility statements.
Why It Matters:
Providing explanations ensures transparency and helps buyers understand potential accessibility barriers before procurement.
6. Legal Disclaimer & Contact Information
The VPAT concludes with:
A legal disclaimer outlining the accuracy of the information provided.
Contact details for accessibility support, including email, phone number, or website.
Why It Matters:
This section allows organisations to address any accessibility concerns directly with the vendor.
Gathering Necessary Information Before Drafting Your Report:
Testing Environment: Use Windows 11, Chrome, NVDA, JAWS, Color Contrast Analyzer, and keyboard-only navigation for testing.
Product Overview: Understand the product’s purpose, target users, and platforms (e.g., website, app, software).
Accessibility Features: Check for keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, alt text for images, and colour contrast.
Conformance Levels: Record if the product supports, partially supports, does not support, or is not applicable for each feature.
Bug Documentation: Log any issues with a description, actual vs. expected results, steps to reproduce, and WCAG guidelines violated.
Compliance Standards: Reference WCAG, Section 508, and EN 301 549 standards when documenting issues.
Assistive Technology Testing: Test the product with screen readers, voice recognition tools, and magnification software.
Step-by-Step Guide to Creating a VPAT Report
Step 1: Choose the Correct VPAT Template
You can download the Sample VPAT templates from Codoid –Download Here
Step 2: Fill Out the VPAT Sections
Product Information
Evaluation Methods Used
Applicable Standards & Guidelines
Step 3: Completing the Conformance Table
Example VPAT Table for WCAG 2.1 Compliance
S. No
Criteria
Conformance Leve
Remarks & Explanations
1
1.1.1 Non-text Content
Supports
All images have alt text and decorative images are hidden with aria-hidden=”true”.
2
1.3.1 Info & Relationships
Partially Supports
Some form labels are missing, affecting screen reader users. Fix planned for next release
3
1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)
Supports
The text meets the 4.5:1 contrast ratio requirement.
4
2.1.1 Keyboard Navigation
Does Not Support
The dropdown menu is not keyboard accessible. A fix is in development
5
2.4.6 Headings and Labels
Supports
Proper headings and labels are used to improve navigation.
6
4.1.2 Name, Role, Value
Supports
All interactive elements have appropriate ARIA attributes.
Step 4: Provide a Summary and Recommendations
Example Summary:
Overall Compliance: Partially Supports WCAG 2.1 AA Key Issues Identified:
Dropdown menus are not keyboard accessible.
Some form labels are missing, making it difficult for screen readers.
Improvements are planned for the next release.
Step 5: Finalize and Publish the VPAT Report
Review the report for accuracy and completeness.
Fix major accessibility issues before publishing.
Provide the VPAT to customers, clients, or government agencies upon request.
Conclusion:
The VPAT (Voluntary Product Accessibility Template) is an important tool for ensuring that products and services meet accessibility standards, providing a transparent assessment of their compliance with Section 508, WCAG, and European accessibility requirements. This report helps organisations assess and document how their products or services meet accessibility criteria, ensuring they are usable by people with various disabilities.By following the VPAT process, organisations not only comply with legal and regulatory requirements but also make their products more inclusive and accessible, which ultimately leads to equal access for all kinds of people. Through careful documentation of testing environments, conformance levels, and success criteria, companies can identify potential barriers and address them proactively, aligning with standards such as Section 508, WCAG 2.1, and EN 301 549.
The VPAT is vital in offering transparency to buyers, particularly federal procurement officers and European Union markets, ensuring that the products they acquire meet the needs of users with disabilities. Ultimately, a well-prepared VPAT report provides the necessary insights for developers, compliance officers, and product managers to continuously improve and meet accessibility standards, contributing to the creation of a more inclusive digital world.
"Need a VPAT report? Our accessibility testing ensures compliance with WCAG, Section 508, and EN 301 549. Contact us today!"
-Software developers and product managers
-Companies selling digital products to the government or enterprises
-Organizations seeking to comply with accessibility regulations such as WCAG, Section 508, and EN 301 549
-Compliance officers ensuring products meet accessibility requirements
How do I obtain a VPAT template?
The official VPAT templates can be downloaded from the Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) website. Ensure you select the correct template based on the applicable accessibility standards.
What happens if my product does not fully support accessibility standards?
If your product has accessibility gaps:
Document the issues in the VPAT report
Provide explanations and planned improvements
Work on accessibility enhancements in future updates to improve compliance
Is a VPAT report legally required?
While a VPAT is not always legally required, it is often necessary for selling digital products to government agencies or large enterprises. Many organizations use it to demonstrate compliance with accessibility laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the European Accessibility Act (EAA).
Can I create a VPAT report myself, or should I hire an expert?
You can create a VPAT report in-house if your team has expertise in accessibility compliance. However, for a thorough evaluation, many organizations hire accessibility specialists to conduct audits and complete the VPAT accurately.
How often should a VPAT report be updated?
A VPAT should be updated whenever:
A product undergoes major changes or new versions are released
Accessibility features are improved or modified
New accessibility standards are introduced or revised
Software testing has always been a critical part of development, ensuring that applications function smoothly before reaching users. Traditional testing methods struggle to keep up with the need for speed and accuracy. Manual testing, while thorough, can be slow and prone to human error. Automated testing helps but comes with its own challenges—scripts need frequent updates, and maintaining them can be time-consuming. This is where AI-driven testing is making a difference. Instead of relying on static test scripts, AI can analyze code, understand changes, and automatically update test cases without requiring constant human intervention. Both DeepSeek vs Gemini offer advanced capabilities that can be applied to software testing, making it more efficient and adaptive. While these AI models serve broader purposes like data processing, automation, and natural language understanding, they also bring valuable improvements to testing workflows. By incorporating AI, teams can catch issues earlier, reduce manual effort, and improve overall software quality.
DeepSeek AI & Google Gemini – How They Help in Software Testing
DeepSeek AI vs Google Gemini utilize advanced AI technologies to improve different aspects of software testing. These technologies automate repetitive tasks, enhance accuracy, and optimize testing efforts. Below is a breakdown of the key AI Components they use and their impact on software testing.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) – Automating Test Case Creation
NLP enables AI to read and interpret software requirements, user stories, and bug reports. It processes text-based inputs and converts them into structured test cases, reducing manual effort in test case writing
Machine Learning (ML) – Predicting Defects & Optimizing Test Execution
ML analyzes past test data, defect trends, and code changes to identify high-risk areas in an application. It helps prioritize test cases by focusing on the functionalities most likely to fail, reducing unnecessary test executions and improving test efficiency.
Deep Learning – Self-Healing Automation & Adaptability
Deep learning enables AI to recognize patterns and adapt test scripts to changes in an application. It detects UI modifications, updates test locators, and ensures automated tests continue running without manual intervention.
Code Generation AI – Automating Test Script Writing
AI-powered code generation assists in writing test scripts for automation frameworks like Selenium, API testing, and performance testing. This reduces the effort required to create and maintain test scripts.
Multimodal AI – Enhancing UI & Visual Testing
Multimodal AI processes both text and images, making it useful for UI and visual regression testing. It helps in detecting changes in graphical elements, verifying image placements, and ensuring consistency in application design.
Large Language Models (LLMs) – Assisting in Test Documentation & Debugging
LLMs process large amounts of test data to summarize test execution reports, explain failures, and suggest debugging steps. This improves troubleshooting efficiency and helps teams understand test results more effectively.
Feature Comparison of DeepSeek vs Gemini: A Detailed Look
S. No
Feature
DeepSeek AI
Google Gemini
1
Test Case Generation
Structured, detailed test cases
Generates test cases but may need further refinement
2
Test Data Generation
Diverse datasets, including edge cases
Produces test data but may require manual fine-tuning
3
Automated Test Script Suggestions
Generates Selenium & API test scripts
Assists in script creation but often needs better prompt engineering
4
Accessibility Testing
Identifies WCAG compliance issues
Provides accessibility insights but lacks in-depth testing capabilities
5
API Testing Assistance
Generates Postman requests & API tests
Helps with request generation but may require additional structuring
6
Code Generation
Strong for generating code snippets
Capable of generating code but might need further optimization
7
Test Plan Generation
Generates basic test plans
Assists in test plan creation but depends on detailed input
How Tester Prompts Influence AI Responses
When using AI tools like DeepSeek vs Gemini for software testing, the quality of responses depends heavily on the prompts given by testers. Below are some scenarios focusing on the Login Page, demonstrating how different prompts can influence AI-generated test cases.
Scenario 1: Test Case Generation
Prompt:
“Generate test cases for the login page, including valid and invalid scenarios.”
For test case generation, Google Gemini provides structured test cases with clear steps and expected results, making it useful for detailed execution. DeepSeek AI, on the other hand, focuses on broader scenario coverage, including security threats and edge cases, making it more adaptable for exploratory testing. The choice depends on whether you need precise, structured test cases or a more comprehensive range of test scenarios.
Scenario 2: Test Data Generation
Prompt:
“Generate diverse test data, including edge cases for login page testing.”
For test data generation, Google Gemini provides a structured list of valid and invalid usernames and passwords, covering various character types, lengths, and malicious inputs. DeepSeek AI, on the other hand, categorizes test data into positive and negative scenarios, adding expected results for validation. Gemini focuses on broad data coverage, while DeepSeek ensures practical application in testing.
Scenario 3: Automated Test Script Suggestions
Prompt:
“Generate a Selenium script to automate login validation with multiple test cases.”
For automated test script generation, Google Gemini provides a basic Selenium script with test cases for login validation, but it lacks environment configuration and flexibility. DeepSeek AI, on the other hand, generates a more structured and reusable script with class-level setup, parameterized values, and additional options like headless execution. DeepSeek AI’s script is more adaptable for real-world automation testing.
Scenario 4: Accessibility Testing
Prompt:
“Check if the login page meets WCAG accessibility compliance.”
For accessibility testing, Google Gemini provides general guidance on WCAG compliance but does not offer a structured checklist. DeepSeek AI, however, delivers a detailed and structured checklist covering perceivability, operability, and key accessibility criteria. DeepSeek AI is the better choice for a systematic accessibility evaluation.
Scenario 5: API Testing Assistance
Prompt:
“Generate an API request for login authentication and validate responses.”
DeepSeek AI: Generates comprehensive API requests and validation steps.
Google Gemini: Helps in structuring API requests but may require further adjustments.
The way testers frame their prompts directly impacts the quality, accuracy, and relevance of AI-generated responses. By crafting well-structured, detailed, and scenario-specific prompts, testers can leverage AI tools like DeepSeek AI vs Google Gemini to enhance various aspects of software testing, including test case generation, automated scripting, accessibility evaluation, API validation, and test planning.
From our comparison, we observed that:
DeepSeek AI specializes in structured test case generation, API test assistance, and automated test script suggestions, making it a strong choice for testers looking for detailed, automation-friendly outputs.
Gemini provides broader AI capabilities, including natural language understanding and test planning assistance, but may require more prompt refinement to produce actionable testing insights.
For Accessibility Testing, DeepSeek identifies WCAG compliance issues, while Gemini offers guidance but lacks deeper accessibility testing capabilities.
Test Data Generation differs significantly – DeepSeek generates diverse datasets, including edge cases, whereas Gemini’s output may require manual adjustments to meet complex testing requirements.
Automated Test Script Generation is more refined in DeepSeek, especially for Selenium and API testing, whereas Gemini may require additional prompt tuning for automation scripts.
Conclusion
AI technologies are changing software testing. They automate repetitive tasks and make tests more accurate. This makes testing workflows better. With improvements in machine learning, natural language processing, deep learning, and other AIs, testing is now faster and can adapt to today’s software development needs.
AI helps improve many parts of software testing. It makes things like creating test cases, finding defects, and checking the user interface easier. This cuts down on manual work and raises the quality of the software. With DeepSeek vs Gemini, testers can spend more time on making smart decisions and testing new ideas. They don’t have to waste time on regular tasks and running tests.
The use of AI in software testing depends on what testers need and the environments they work in. As AI develops quickly, using the right AI tools can help teams test faster, smarter, and more reliably in the changing world of software development.
Frequently Asked Questions
How does AI improve software testing?
AI enhances software testing by automating repetitive tasks, predicting defects, optimizing test execution, generating test cases, and analyzing test reports. This reduces manual effort and improves accuracy.
Can AI completely replace manual testing?
No, AI enhances testing but does not replace human testers. It automates routine tasks, but exploratory testing, user experience evaluation, and critical decision-making still require human expertise.
How does AI help in UI and visual testing?
DeepSeek AI is better suited for API testing as it can generate API test scripts, analyze responses, and predict failure points based on historical data.
How do I decide whether to use DeepSeek AI or Google Gemini for my testing needs?
The choice depends on your testing priorities. If you need self-healing automation, test case generation, and predictive analytics, DeepSeek AI is a good fit. If you require AI-powered debugging, UI validation, and documentation assistance, Google Gemini is more suitable.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) establishes standards for accessible design for both digital and non-digital environments in the USA. Being passed in 1990, it doesn’t even specify websites or digital content directly. ADA primarily focuses on places of public accommodation. With the rapid usage of digital technology, websites, mobile apps, and other online spaces have been considered places of public accommodation. Although the ADA doesn’t specify what standards websites or apps should follow, it considers WCAG as the de facto standard. So in this blog, we will be providing you with an ADA website compliance checklist that you can follow to ensure that your website is ADA compliant.
Why is it Important?
Organizations must comply with ADA regulations to avoid penalties and ensure accessibility for all users. For example, let’s say you own a pizza store. You have to ensure that the proper accessible entry points can allow people in wheelchairs to enter and eventually place the order. Similarly, for websites, a person with disabilities must also be able to access the website and place the order successfully. The reason why we chose the example of a pizza store is because Domino’s was sued for this very same reason as their website and mobile app were not compatible with screen readers.
What is WCAG?
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is the universal standard followed to ensure digital accessibility. There are three different compliance levels under WCAG: A (basic), AA (intermediate), and AAA (advanced).
A is a minimal level that only covers basic fixes that prevent major barriers for people with disabilities. This level doesn’t ensure accessibility but only ensures the website is not unusable.
AA is the most widely accepted standard as it would resolve most of the major issues faced by people with disabilities. It is the level of compliance required by many countries’ accessibility laws (including the ADA in the U.S.).
AAA is the most advanced level of accessibility and is targetted only by specialized websites where accessibility is the main focus as the checks are often impractical for all content.
Based on WCAG standard 2.1, these are some of the checklists that need to be followed in the website design. To ensure you can understand it clearly, we have broken down the ADA website compliance checklist based on the segments of the websites. For example, Headings, Landmarks, Page Structure, Multimedia content, Color, and so on.
A well-structured webpage improves accessibility by ensuring that content is logically arranged and easy to navigate. Proper use of headings, spacing, labels, and tables helps all users, including those using assistive technologies, to understand and interact with the page effectively.
1.1 Information & Relationships
‘strong’ and ’em’ tags must be used instead of ‘b’ and ‘i’.
Proper HTML list structures (‘ol’, ‘ul’, and ‘dl’>) should be implemented.
Labels must be correctly associated with form fields using ‘label’ tags.
Data tables should include proper column and row headers.
1.2 Text Spacing
The line height should be at least 1.5 times the font size.
Paragraph spacing must be at least 2 times the font size.
Letter and word spacing should be set for readability.
1.3 Bypass Blocks
“Skip to content” links should be provided to allow users to bypass navigation menus.
1.4 Page Titles
Unique and descriptive page titles must be included.
2. Page Navigation
A well-structured navigation system helps users quickly find information and move between pages. Consistency and multiple navigation methods improve usability and accessibility for all users, including those with assistive technologies.
2.1 Consistency
The navigation structure should remain the same across all pages.
The position of menus, search bars, and key navigation elements should not change.
Common elements like logos, headers, footers, and sidebars should appear consistently.
Labels and functions of navigation buttons should be identical on every page (e.g., a “Buy Now” button should not be labeled differently on other pages).
2.2 Multiple Navigation Methods
Users should have at least two or more ways to navigate content. These may include:
A homepage with links to all pages
Search functionality
A site map
A table of contents
Primary and secondary navigation menus
Repetition of important links in the footer
Breadcrumb navigation
Skip links should be available to jump directly to the main content.
3. Language
Defining the correct language settings on a webpage helps screen readers and other assistive technologies interpret and pronounce text correctly. Without proper language attributes, users relying on these tools may struggle to understand the content.
3.1 Language of the Page
The correct language should be set for the entire webpage using the lang attribute (e.g., ‘html lang=”en”‘).
The declared language should match the primary language of the content.
Screen readers should be able to detect and read the content in the correct language.
If the page contains multiple languages, the primary language should still be properly defined.
3.2 Language of Parts
The correct language should be assigned to any section of text that differs from the main language using the lang attribute (e.g.,[span lang=”fr” Bonjour/span]).
Each language change should be marked properly to ensure correct pronunciation by screen readers.
Language codes should be accurately applied according to international standards (e.g., lang=”es” for Spanish).
4. Heading Structure
Headings provide structure to web pages, making them easier to navigate for users and assistive technologies. A logical heading hierarchy ensures clarity and improves readability.
The presence of a single ‘h1’ tag must be ensured.
A logical heading hierarchy from ‘h1’ to ‘h6’ should be followed.
Headings must be descriptive and should not be abbreviated.
5. Multimedia Content
Multimedia elements like audio and video must be accessible to all users, including those with hearing or visual impairments. Providing transcripts, captions, and audio descriptions ensures inclusivity.
5.1 Audio & Video
Text alternatives must be provided for audio and video content.
Transcripts should be included for audio-only content.
Video content must have transcripts, subtitles, captions, and audio descriptions.
5.2 Captions
Pre-recorded video content must include captions that are synchronized and accurate.
Non-speech sounds, such as background noise and speaker identification, should be conveyed in captions.
Live content must be accompanied by real-time captions.
5.3 Audio Control
If audio plays automatically for more than three seconds, controls for pause, play, and stop must be provided.
6. Animation & Flashing Content
Animations and flashing elements can enhance user engagement, but they must be implemented carefully to avoid distractions and health risks for users with disabilities, including those with photosensitivity or motion sensitivities.
6.1 Controls for Moving Content
A pause, stop, or hide option must be available for any moving or auto-updating content.
The control must be keyboard accessible within three tab stops.
The movement should not restart automatically after being paused or stopped by the user.
Auto-playing content should not last longer than five seconds unless user-controlled.
6.2 Flashing Content Restrictions
Content must not flash more than three times per second to prevent seizures (photosensitive epilepsy).
If flashing content is necessary, it must pass a photosensitive epilepsy analysis tool test.
Flashing or blinking elements should be avoided unless absolutely required.
7. Images
Images are a vital part of web design, but they must be accessible to users with visual impairments. Screen readers rely on alternative text (alt text) to describe images, ensuring that all users can understand their purpose.
7.1 Alternative Text
Informative images must have descriptive alt text.
Decorative images should use alt=”” to be ignored by screen readers.
Complex images should include detailed descriptions in surrounding text.
Functional images, such as buttons, must have meaningful alt text (e.g., “Search” instead of “Magnifying glass”).
7.2 Avoiding Text in Images
Text should be provided as actual HTML text rather than embedded in images.
Proper use of color and contrast is essential for users with low vision or color blindness. Relying solely on color to convey meaning can make content inaccessible, while poor contrast can make text difficult to read.
8.1 Use of Color
Color should not be the sole method of conveying meaning.
Graphs and charts must include labels instead of relying on color alone.
8.2 Contrast Requirements
A contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text must be maintained.
9. Keyboard Accessibility
Keyboard accessibility is essential for users who rely on keyboard-only navigation due to mobility impairments. All interactive elements must be fully accessible using the Tab, Arrow, and Enter keys.
9.1 Keyboard Navigation
All interactive elements must be accessible via keyboard navigation.
9.2 No Keyboard Trap
Users must be able to navigate out of any element without getting stuck.
9.3 Focus Management
Focus indicators must be visible.
The focus order should follow the logical reading sequence.
10. Link Purpose
Links play a crucial role in website navigation, helping users move between pages and access relevant information. However, vague or generic link text like “Click here” or “Read more” can be confusing, especially for users relying on screen readers.
Link text should be clearly written to describe the destination (generic phrases like “Click here” or “Read more” should be avoided).
Similar links should be distinguished with unique text or additional context.
Redundant links pointing to the same destination should be removed.
Links should be visually identifiable with underlines or sufficient color contrast.
ARIA labels should be used when extra context is needed for assistive technologies.
11. Error Handling
Proper error handling ensures that users can easily identify and resolve issues when interacting with a website. Descriptive error messages and preventive measures help users avoid frustration and mistakes, improving overall accessibility.
11.1 Error Identification
Errors must be clearly indicated when a required field is left blank or filled incorrectly.
Error messages should be text-based and not rely on color alone.
The error message should appear near the field where the issue occurs.
11.2 Error Prevention for Important Data
Before submitting legal, financial, or sensitive data, users must be given the chance to:
Review entered information.
Confirm details before final submission.
Correct any mistakes detected.
A confirmation message should be displayed before finalizing critical transactions.
12. Zoom & Text Resizing
Users with visual impairments often rely on zooming and text resizing to read content comfortably. A well-designed website should maintain readability and functionality when text size is increased without causing layout issues.
12.1 Text Resize
Text must be resizable up to 200% without loss of content or functionality.
No horizontal scrolling should occur unless necessary for complex content (e.g., tables, graphs).
12.2 Reflow
Content must remain readable and usable when zoomed to 400%.
No truncation, overlap, or missing content should occur.
When zooming to 400%, a single-column layout should be used where possible.
Browser zoom should be tested by adjusting the display resolution to 1280×1080.
13. Form Accessibility
Forms are a critical part of user interaction on websites, whether for sign-ups, payments, or data submissions. Ensuring that forms are accessible, easy to navigate, and user-friendly helps people with disabilities complete them without confusion or frustration.
13.1 Labels & Instructions
Each form field must have a clear, descriptive label (e.g., “Email Address” instead of “Email”).
Labels must be programmatically associated with input fields for screen readers.
Required fields should be marked with an asterisk (*) or explicitly stated (e.g., “This field is required”).
Error messages should be clear and specific (e.g., “Please enter a valid phone number in the format +1-123-456-7890”).
13.2 Input Assistance
Auto-fill attributes should be enabled for common fields (e.g., name, email, phone number).
Auto-complete suggestions should be provided where applicable.
Form fields should support input hints or tooltips for better guidance.
Icons or visual indicators should be used where necessary (e.g., a calendar icon for date selection).
Dropdowns, radio buttons, and checkboxes should be clearly labeled to help users make selections easily.
Conclusion: ADA website compliance checklist
Ensuring ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) website compliance is essential for providing an accessible, inclusive, and user-friendly digital experience for all users, including those with disabilities. This checklist covers key accessibility principles, ensuring that web content is perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust.
By following this ADA website compliance checklist, websites can become more accessible to people with visual, auditory, motor, and cognitive impairments. Ensuring compliance not only avoids legal risks but also improves usability for all users, leading to better engagement, inclusivity, and user satisfaction.
Codoid is well experienced in this type of testing, ensuring that websites meet ADA, WCAG, and other accessibility standards effectively. Accessibility is not just a requirement—it’s a responsibility.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is ADA compliance important for websites?
Non-compliance can result in legal action, fines, and poor user experience. Ensuring accessibility helps businesses reach a wider audience and provide equal access to all users.
How does WCAG relate to ADA compliance?
While the ADA does not specify exact web standards, WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) is widely recognized as the standard for making digital content accessible and is used as a reference for ADA compliance.
What happens if my website is not ADA compliant?
Businesses that fail to comply with accessibility standards may face lawsuits, fines, and reputational damage. Additionally, non-accessible websites exclude users with disabilities, reducing their potential audience.
Does ADA compliance improve SEO?
Yes! An accessible website enhances SEO by improving site structure, usability, and engagement, leading to better search rankings and a broader audience reach.
How do I get started with ADA compliance testing?
You can start by using our ADA Website Compliance Checklist and contacting our expert accessibility testing team for a comprehensive audit and remediation plan.
